Footnotes

[1] See appendix 1 “Capital Punishment Laws of the World” on page 77

[2] Source: ‘Executions in the U.S.: 1608-1987: The Espy File” and DPIC http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=8&did=269

[3] Aikens v. California in 1972 committed a white man convicted for rape and murder of a woman.

In Jackson v. Georgia and Branch v. Texas’s cases, the defendants were black and convicted for rape.

[4] Author: Julie Rérolle

[5] See appendix 2 ‘Number of Prisoners Under Sentence of Death 1976-2005’ on page 78

[6] http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cp.htm

[7] http://www.criminal-law-lawyer-source.com/

[8] http://www.lpj-france.net/cours_droit.htm#peinedemort

[9] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?&did=1397

[10] http://www.acat.asso.fr/execute/usa1.htm

[11] Kaspi, André (2003). La peine de mort aux Etats-Unis. Paris : Plon. Page 77

[12] Jacobs, David; Stephanie, Kent; Jason, Carmichael (August 2005). “Vigilantism, Current Racial Threat and Death Sentences”, American Sociological Review, pp. 663

[13] http://www.collectif2001.org/article.php3?id_article=1

[14] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?&did=1397

[15] All along the essay, the division by region will be made according to the map ‘Census Regions and Divisions of the United States’ published by the US Census Bureau. See appendix 3 on page 79

[16] Map from the website Coloradans Against the Death Penalty: http://www.mcadp.org/images/dpmap.gif

[17] Map from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Death_penalty_statutes_in_the_United_States.svg

[18] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=29&did=147

[19] See appendix 4 ‘Executions by State’ on page 80

[20] Author: Julie Rérolle

[21] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=8&did=186

[22] Author: Julie Rérolle 2007

[23] As of January 1, 2007, http://www.naacpldf.org/content/pdf/pubs/drusa/DRUSA_Winter_2007.pdf

[24] Interview published in http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2007/04/12/sam-millsap

[25] See figure 7 on page 18

[26] See appendix 5 ‘Capital Offence By State 2005’ on page 81

[27] See figure 11 on page 30

[28] http://www.mcadp.org/LancetEditorial4_05.htm

[29] http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/index.php?tipotema=arg&idtema=9000520

[30] http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/usexecute.htm

[31] Leon, Enrique (1998). Démocrates et Républicains aux États-Unis au XXe siècle, Partis politiques et groupes de pression. Paris : Colin. Page 46

[32] Lassale, Jean-Pierre (1997). Les institutions des Etats-Unis. Paris : La Documentation Française. Page 42

[33] Jacobs, David; Stephanie, Ken; Jason, Carmichael (August 2005). “Vigilantism, Current Racial Threat and Death Sentences”, American Sociological Review. Page 661

[34] Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Governors.PNG

[35] Jacobs, David; Stephanie, Ken; Jason, Carmichael (August 2005). “Vigilantism, Current Racial Threat and Death Sentences”, American Sociological Review. Page 657

[36] See figure 10 on page 21.

[37] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=477&scid=8

[38] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=477&scid=8

[39] US Census Bureau, Census 2000 http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf

[40] http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2006/jan/images/05_0055_02.gif

[41] Even if the figures concerning the national population and the death row population are not from the same dates, such conclusions can be done today, since the composition of the population of the United States has not drastically changed.

[42] Both these pie chart were established by the Death Penalty Information Center http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/FactSheet.pdf

[43] Source: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=5&did=184 Author : Julie Rérolle

[44] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/CaRaceStudy.pdf

[45] http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/usa/race/

[46] http://www.mcadp.org/LancetEditorial4_05.htm

[47] Federal Bureau of Investigation http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/violent_crime/murder.html

[48] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/FactSheet.pdf

[49] http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/documents/CIUS_2004_Section2.pdf

[50] http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/violent_crime/murder.html

[51] Baldus, David C; George Woodworth (2003). Race Discrimination in the Administration of the Death Penalty: An Overview of the Empirical Evidence with Special Emphasis on the Post-1990 Research 39 Criminal Law Bulletin 194-226.

[52] Marquart, James; Sheldon, Ekland-Olson; Jonathan, Sorensen (1994). The rope, the chair, and the needle: capital punishment in Texas. Austin: University of Texas. Page 184

[53] “Death Penalty Sentencing: Research Indicates Pattern of Racial Disparities”, GAO-GGD (February 1990)

[54] Marquart, James W.; Ekland-Olson, Sheldon and Sorensen, Jonathan R. (1993). The Rope, the Chair, and the Needle: Capital Punishment in Texas, 1923-1990. Houston: University of Texas Press.

[55] Carried out by Prof. Jack Boger and Dr. Isaac Unah, University of North Carolina, 2001

[56] Data source: US Census 2000 http://www.carseyinstitute.unh.edu/images/photos/US_income_Inequal_5-15-2006_rev.jpg

[57] Source: British Home Office http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/euusdeter.GIF

[58] Kaspi, André (2003). La peine de mort aux Etats-Unis. Paris: Plon. Page 33

[59] Kaspi, André (2003). La peine de mort aux Etats-Unis. Paris : Plon. On page 100

[60] Source: http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/data/table_30.html author: Julie Rérolle

[61]http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/images/content_images/2.16.gif

[62] http://www.ncadp.org/html/fact5.html

[63] "States With No Death Penalty Share Lower Homicide Rates", www.nytimes.com/2000/09/22/national/22STUD.html

[64] http://www.revoltes.org/projetabolition.htm

[65] Quote from the World Congress Against the Death Penalty, in Paris from the 1^st to the 3^rd of February 2007

[66] Kaspi, André (2003). La peine de mort aux Etats-Unis. Paris: Plon. Page 9

[67] Article « Etats-Unis : on achève bien les innocents. » in the French newspaper Liberation,published on February 9, 2000

[68] http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/violent_crime/murder_homicide.html

[69] http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/US_States_Rate_Ranking.html

[70] http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/txcrime.htm

[71] http://www.revoltes.org/TXprocedure.htm

[72] Kaspi, André (2003). La peine de mort aux Etats-Unis. Paris : Plon. Page 108

[73] Kaspi, André (2003). La peine de mort aux Etats-Unis. Paris : Plon. Page 113

[74] Amnesty International (2003). “Death by Discrimination – The Continuing Role of Race in Capital Cases”

[75] Berthès, Colette (2000). La machine à tuer. Paris : Les arènes. Page 66.

[76] Quote from the World Congress Against the Death Penalty, in Paris, from the 1^st to the 3^rd of February 2007.

[77] http://www.amnesty.be/doc/article9723.html

[78] http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/DP.html#D.Cost

[79] http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/030507dntexjessicacash.3ad569e.html

[80] Kaspi, André (2003). La peine de mort aux Etats-Unis. Paris : Plon on page 206. The number of inmates has been updated for accuracy purposes.

[81] http://www.ccadp.org/TX-clemency.htm

[82]https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/(S(nefh2sufchfpwi45dvcudc45))/includes/_public/_publications/recidivism/tdcj%202006%20criminal%20justice%20survey%20-%20public%20perceptions.pdf

[83] Marquart, James W.; James, Ekland-Olson, Sheldon; Jonathan R, Sorensen (1993). The Rope, the Chair, and the Needle: Capital Punishment in Texas, 1923-1990. Houston: University of Texas Press. Page 169

[84] See figure 23 and 24 on pages 49 and 50.

[85] Robbins, Tim (1995). Dead Man Walking

[86] http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t2512006.pdf

[87] According to Gallup Poll: October 9-12, 2006

[88] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/FactSheet.pdf

[89] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/FactSheet.pdf

[90] Parker, Alan (2003). The life of David Gale

[91] http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/187.htm

[92] http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/84ab9690ccd81fc7c12563ed0046fae3?Opendocument

[93] Cesari, Isabelle (2002). Les mineurs délinquants et la peine de mort aux Etats-Unis. Paris : Nicolas Philippe. Page 165

[94] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Death_Penalty_World_Map.png/600px-Death_Penalty_World_Map.png

[95] http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cp.htm

[96] http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/5/59/600px-Census_Regions_and_Divisions.PNG

[97] http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/executionmap2006.gif

[98] http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cp05.pdf